Piping Takeoff from Isometric Drawings: From the ISO to the MTO and the Fabrication BOM

A piping takeoff turns a set of isometrics into two different lists: a material take-off (MTO) that procurement and estimating price, grouped by item code, size and class across the whole set, and a fabrication bill of materials (BOM) that the shop builds from, spool by spool, with cut lengths and numbered welds. This guide covers the documents you need, how to read an isometric, how each list is built, a worked isometric rolled up into both, allowances, revisions against stock already ordered, traceability, and how to test any method on your own drawings.

Published
Sources checked
Reading time
15 min
Written by
Mirage Metrics team

Scope: process and industrial piping drawn as isometrics, for EPC contractors, fabrication shops, methods engineers and estimators. It is not a design guide: stress, support design, examination extents and pricing stay with the codes, your specifications and your engineers.

Decision snapshot

Best suited to
Estimators and methods engineers at EPC contractors, industrial engineering firms and pipe fabrication shops who take off isometrics by hand or check a takeoff someone else produced.
Inputs needed
The isometrics at their current revision, the line list, the piping material specification, the P&IDs, the valve and specialty item lists, the support standards, the insulation and painting specifications, and your rules on allowances and scope splits.
What can be automated
Reading every iso and its material list, checking each item against its piping class, rolling quantities up by item code, splitting MTO and spool BOM, numbering welds shop and field, computing paint surface, comparing two revisions, and keeping each quantity tied to its sheet.
What requires human approval
Spec breaks and items at continuations, scope splits with other packages, allowances, spool breaks and shipping limits, conflicts between the iso and the line list, and the sign-off before anything is ordered or cut.
When this approach is insufficient
When the isometrics are not issued yet (only a preliminary MTO is possible, from P&IDs and layouts), when the piping class is incomplete, or when the isos are too poor to read reliably and the line list contradicts them.

The documents a piping takeoff needs

The isometric is the drawing you count from, but no single document carries everything an MTO needs. The isometric gives geometry and components; the piping class tells you what each component is; the line list tells you what applies to the whole line; the P&ID tells you what should be there at all. Collect them at the same revision before the first count.

Documents behind a piping takeoff, what each contains, and what the takeoff takes from it
DocumentWhat it holdsWhat the takeoff takes from it
Isometric drawings (ISOs)One line, or part of one, per sheet: route, dimensions, components, welds, supports, and usually a material listEvery quantity of pipe, fittings, flanges and welds; spool breaks on fabrication isos
Line listOne row per line: size, service, piping class, design and test conditions, insulation, often paintingThe spec, insulation and paint system that apply to each iso; the list of lines that must have an iso
Piping material specification (piping classes)For each class, the component allowed for each size range: pipe wall or schedule, fittings, flange rating and facing, gasket, bolting, valve codes, branch rulesThe description and item code behind every BOM line; a check that the iso uses what its class allows
P&IDsLines, valves, instruments, spec breaks and line numbers, as a diagramScope: which lines exist, where the class changes, which valves and inline items each line carries
Piping plans, general arrangement, plot planWhere lines run in the plantLengths for an early estimate before isos exist; the battery limits of the scope
Valve list, specialty item list, instrument listTagged items bought by tag rather than by commodityWhich items piping buys and which arrive with another package; the gaskets and bolts their flanges still need
Support standards and support listSupport types and the tags shown on the isosSupport counts by type, and the special supports that need their own drawing
Insulation and painting specificationsSystems, thicknesses and coats by service and temperatureInsulated lengths and items, paint surface
Documents behind a piping takeoff, what each contains, and what the takeoff takes from it

An isometric is a standardised way of drawing one pipeline in three dimensions on a flat sheet, set out in ISO 6412-2. Piping isometrics are normally drawn without a scale, so lengths come from the dimensions written on the sheet, never from measuring it.

What a P&ID cannot give you

A P&ID is a flow diagram, the family ISO 10628-1 classifies for process plants. It shows what is connected to what: the lines, their numbers, the valves, the instruments, the places where the piping class changes. It does not show where the pipe runs. A P&ID has no geometry, so it cannot produce the quantities of an isometric: no pipe length, no elbow count, no support, no weld, no spool.

What it does give is the scope and a check. Before the isometrics exist, a preliminary MTO combines the P&ID (lines, valves, inline items) with lengths estimated from the piping plans or the plot plan. Once the isos are issued, every valve and inline item on the P&ID should appear on exactly one iso, and every line on the line list should have its isos. That cross-check is what information take-off (ITO) on P&IDs and isometrics covers.

Reading an isometric: line numbers, specs, the BOM table

The line number

Every isometric belongs to a line, and the line number is the key that joins it to the line list and the P&ID. Its structure is set by each project's numbering procedure; a common pattern, with invented values:

A typical line number, 6"-P-1204-A1-IH50, field by field (invented values; the order and codes are project specific)
FieldExampleWhat it tells the takeoff
Size6"Nominal pipe size (NPS) in inches or DN in millimetres, as the project uses
Service or fluid codePA code from the project's fluid list (here, invented: process liquid)
Sequence number1204Unique within the project or the unit
Piping classA1Points to the piping material specification that governs every component
Insulation codeIH50Type and thickness, when the line is insulated
A typical line number, 6"-P-1204-A1-IH50, field by field (invented values; the order and codes are project specific)

Spec breaks

Where the piping class changes along a line, a spec break is drawn on the P&ID and on the iso, usually at a flange or a valve. The components on each side are bought under different classes, so the MTO splits them there. The joint itself (gasket and bolts at the break) belongs to whichever class the project rule names; a takeoff that does not apply a rule here will count the joint twice or lose it.

The material list on the isometric

Isometrics produced from a 3D model usually carry a material list: a part number for each item, a description, a size, a quantity, and often an item code from the piping class. Many split it into fabrication materials (pipe, fittings, flanges welded in the shop) and erection materials (valves, gaskets, bolts, items installed in the field). Pipe is given in length, everything else in counts. The description follows the class: the piping class sets which component, which wall or schedule and which rating apply to each size, and the dimensional standards define what those words mean.

  • Pipe: size and wall or schedule, with dimensions from ASME B36.10 for wrought steel pipe; end preparation (bevelled for butt welds, plain for socket welds).
  • Buttwelding fittings: elbows, tees, reducers, caps, dimensioned by ASME B16.9; their centre-to-end dimensions are the take-outs used for cut lengths.
  • Small bore: socket-welding and threaded forged fittings under ASME B16.11.
  • Flanges: type, facing and rating class (150 to 2500 in ASME B16.5, which also covers flange bolting and gaskets).
  • Gaskets and bolts: one gasket and one bolt set per flanged joint; the number and size of studs in a set come from the flange standard's tables for that size and class. Metallic gaskets for those flanges are covered by ASME B16.20.
  • Valves and specialty items: usually identified by tag, bought from the valve list or the specialty item list rather than as a commodity; the iso shows where they sit and what their flanges need.

Continuations

A line longer than a sheet continues on another iso, and lines meet at tie-ins. Each continuation is a place where a weld, a flange, a gasket or a length of pipe can be counted on both sheets or on neither. Check every continuation pair, not just each sheet.

MTO and fabrication BOM: two answers to two questions

The MTO says what to buy; the fabrication BOM says what to build. The MTO adds up commodities across every isometric in scope, by item code, size and class, in purchase units. The fabrication BOM keeps each isometric apart and breaks it into spools, pieces and welds. Same drawings, same items, different grouping, different reader, and a different error when it goes wrong.

Piping MTO and fabrication BOM compared
Material take-off (MTO)Fabrication BOM
Question it answersWhat do we buy, and what does it cost?What do we build, piece by piece, and where?
Who reads itEstimating, procurement, project controlsMethods, the fabrication shop, the erection crew
Grouped byCommodity: item code, size, class, rating, across every iso in scopeDrawing, then spool, then piece
PipeTotal length by size, class and wallEach cut length, with its end preparation
WeldsNot material; counted separately for labour if the estimate needs themEvery weld, numbered, shop or field, with its size and type
When it existsEarly, from layouts; then from the isos, revised with themOnce fabrication isos with spool breaks are issued
What breaks itA missed line, a spec break on the wrong side, double counting at a continuationA wrong take-out, a weld in the wrong place, a spool too large to ship
Piping MTO and fabrication BOM compared

The fabrication bill of materials and the MTO are often produced by different teams from the same isos, and drift apart at the first revision. Producing both from one reading of the drawing, with each line traced to the same sheet, is what keeps them consistent.

Building the MTO

  1. List the isos in scope from the line list and the P&IDs, at their current revision. Any line with no iso is a gap to report, not a zero.
  2. Read each iso's material list, then check it against the drawing itself: count the elbows, flanges and joints you can see, and compare. A material list can be wrong.
  3. Check every item against its piping class: size range, schedule or wall, rating, facing, valve code. An item the class does not allow is a design question, not a takeoff decision.
  4. Apply the project rules: who supplies gaskets and bolts at equipment nozzles, at tie-ins and at spec breaks; which tagged items come with other packages.
  5. Roll up by item code, size and class across all isos, keeping net quantities. Allowances go in a separate column (see below).
  6. Add what is not material but is priced from the same drawings, if the estimate needs it: weld counts by size and type, support counts by type, insulated lengths, paint surface.

Weight and paint surface are computed, not counted: pipe weight from the length and the weight per metre for its size and wall, paint surface from the outside diameter times the length, plus whatever rule your painting specification sets for fittings and flanges.

Building the fabrication BOM: spools, cut lengths, welds

A spool is a prefabricated assembly of pipe, fittings and flanges, welded in the shop and connected on site by a field weld or a bolted joint. The fabrication isometric shows where spools break and marks field welds. Where they break is a methods decision: transport and handling limits, access on site, and where a field weld can be made and examined.

Cut lengths

A pipe piece's cut length is the dimension between the two points it connects, minus the take-out of each component at its ends: the centre-to-end dimension of an elbow, the length through the hub of a weld neck flange, and so on, from the dimensional tables. Shops then adjust for the root gap of each weld and any field-fit extra length on pieces next to a field weld, by their own procedure.

Welds and what follows them

Each weld gets a number, a size, a type (butt, socket, branch) and a place (shop or field). That list is what welding, examination and the weld log run on. The extent of examination each weld receives is set by the applicable code and the project specifications, not by the takeoff: process piping under ASME B31.3 has examination, inspection and testing within the code's scope, and the requirements depend on the service. The takeoff's job is to make every weld countable and attributable to its spool, so that the examination plan can be applied to it.

Worked example: one isometric, rolled up twice

Illustrative example, invented figures: isometric ISO-1204-01, line 6"-P-1204-A1-IH50, revision B

Assumptions, all invented. Piping class A1 is carbon steel, class 150 raised face. The line leaves a pump discharge nozzle with a weld neck flange (F1), rises 1,500 mm to an elbow (E1), runs 2,000 mm to a flanged gate valve (flanges F2 and F3), runs 1,800 mm to a second elbow (E2), turns and runs 6,000 mm to a third elbow (E3), with a 2" drain on that run, and ends 1,200 mm later on a weld neck flange (F4) bolted to an existing header. Dimensions are to elbow centres and flange faces. Project rule: the iso that shows a flanged joint to equipment or to an existing line carries its gasket and bolt set.

Material list printed on the isometric (invented)
PtDescriptionSizeQtyItem code
1Pipe, seamless, carbon steel, BE, Sch 406"10.8 mA1-PIP-06
2Pipe, seamless, carbon steel, BE, Sch 802"0.2 mA1-PIP-02
3Elbow 90 LR, buttweld, Sch 406"3A1-ELL-06
4Weldolet, Sch 80 outlet6" x 2"1A1-WOL-0602
5Flange, weld neck, RF, class 150, Sch 40 bore6"4A1-FWN-06
6Flange, weld neck, RF, class 150, Sch 80 bore2"1A1-FWN-02
7Gate valve, flanged RF, class 1506"1A1-VGA-06
8Gate valve, flanged RF, class 1502"1A1-VGA-02
9Blind flange, RF, class 1502"1A1-FBL-02
10Gasket, spiral wound, class 1506"4A1-GSK-06
11Gasket, spiral wound, class 1502"2A1-GSK-02
12Stud bolt set with nuts, class 1506"4 setsA1-BLT-06
13Stud bolt set with nuts, class 1502"2 setsA1-BLT-02
Material list printed on the isometric (invented)

The check against the drawing. Four 6" flanged joints are visible (nozzle, valve inlet, valve outlet, tie-in), so four gaskets and four bolt sets; two 2" joints (flange to drain valve, valve to blind). Three elbows, four 6" weld neck flanges, one weldolet. The list agrees with the drawing. The line list, though, gives insulation IH50 while the iso title block says none: that is held for the engineer, not resolved by the takeoff.

MTO rows from this isometric, each traced to its sheet, revision and part number (invented)
Item codeDescriptionSizeQtyUnitSourceStatus
A1-PIP-06Pipe, smls, CS, BE, Sch 406"10.8mISO-1204-01 rev B, pt 1Counted
A1-PIP-02Pipe, smls, CS, BE, Sch 802"0.2mpt 2Counted
A1-ELL-06Elbow 90 LR, BW, Sch 406"3eapt 3Counted
A1-WOL-0602Weldolet, Sch 80 outlet6" x 2"1eapt 4Counted
A1-FWN-06Flange WN RF cl 1506"4eapt 5Counted
A1-FWN-02Flange WN RF cl 1502"1eapt 6Counted
A1-VGA-06Gate valve RF cl 1506"1eapt 7, P&ID tag checkedCounted
A1-VGA-02Gate valve RF cl 1502"1eapt 8Counted
A1-FBL-02Blind flange RF cl 1502"1eapt 9Counted
A1-GSK-06Gasket SW cl 1506"4eapt 10: nozzle, valve x2, tie-inCounted
A1-GSK-02Gasket SW cl 1502"2eapt 11Counted
A1-BLT-06Stud bolt set cl 1506"4setpt 12Counted
A1-BLT-02Stud bolt set cl 1502"2setpt 13Counted
PS-01Pipe shoe, standard support6"2easupport tags on the isoCounted
PG-02Guide, standard support6"1easupport tag on the isoCounted
InsulationLine list: IH50; iso title block: none6"mline list rev 3 vs iso rev BHeld: engineer
MTO rows from this isometric, each traced to its sheet, revision and part number (invented)

With more isometrics in scope, each row above is summed with the same item code from the other sheets, and the source column lists every sheet that contributes to it. Paint surface for the straight pipe is the outside diameter times the length: 6" pipe (168.3 mm outside diameter) over 10.77 m of cut pipe gives 5.69 m², and the 2" nipple 0.03 m².

The fabrication BOM. The methods engineer puts one field weld (FW1) in the middle of the 6,000 mm run, 3,000 mm from each elbow centre, and the valve's bolted joints break the line naturally. Take-outs used here: 229 mm for the 6" long radius elbow, 89 mm for the 6" weld neck flange; weld gaps are ignored.

Fabrication BOM by spool: pipe cut lengths in millimetres, components, welds (invented)
SpoolPipe pieces (mm)ComponentsShop weldsField welds
S1P1 1,182; P2 1,682F1, E1, F2W1 F1-P1, W2 P1-E1, W3 E1-P2, W4 P2-F2 (four 6" butt)None
S2P3 1,482; P4a 2,771F3, E2W5 F3-P3, W6 P3-E2, W7 E2-P4a (three 6" butt)FW1 P4a-P4b (6" butt)
S3P4b 2,771; P5 882; 2" nipple 150E3, F4, weldolet, 2" WN flangeW8 P4b-E3, W9 E3-P5, W10 P5-F4 (three 6" butt); W11 weldolet on P4b (branch); W12, W13 (two 2" butt)None
LooseValves pt 7 and 8, blind pt 9, gaskets, bolt sets, supportsInstalled at erection
Fabrication BOM by spool: pipe cut lengths in millimetres, components, welds (invented)

Cut lengths: P1 = 1,500 − 89 − 229 = 1,182; P2 = 2,000 − 229 − 89 = 1,682; P3 = 1,800 − 89 − 229 = 1,482; P4a and P4b = 3,000 − 229 = 2,771 each; P5 = 1,200 − 229 − 89 = 882. Together 10,770 mm, which the iso's 10.8 m covers. That reconciliation between the spool BOM and the material list is worth running on every iso.

Weld summary for this isometric (invented)
Weld typeCountWeld numbers
Shop, butt, 6"10W1 to W10
Shop, butt, 2"2W12, W13
Shop, branch, 6" x 2"1W11
Field, butt, 6"1FW1
Weld summary for this isometric (invented)

Allowances

Most companies add allowances to the net quantities: on pipe for cutting and nesting losses, on small items such as gaskets and bolts for loss on site, sometimes on the whole MTO at early design stages for growth. These are company practice, not values from a standard, and they vary with the stage of design, the material, the supplier's lengths and the site. This guide gives no percentage for that reason.

  • Keep the net quantity from the drawings and the allowance in separate columns.
  • Write the rule next to the number: which commodity, which rate, which design stage.
  • Apply allowances after the roll-up, not on each iso, so they do not compound.
  • Remove growth allowances as the design firms up, and say when you did.
  • Treat pipe nesting separately: whether the cut lengths fit in the lengths you buy is a cutting plan, not a percentage.

Revisions and stock already ordered

An isometric is revised many times between first issue and construction. Each revision has to answer three questions: what changed on the drawing, what changes in the MTO, and what that means for material already ordered and spools already fabricated. A new total is not enough; the delta is what procurement and the shop act on.

Illustrative example, invented figures: revision C of ISO-1204-01 moves the tie-in

Revision C moves the header tie-in, and the last run grows from 1,200 mm to 1,700 mm. P5 becomes 1,700 − 229 − 89 = 1,382 mm, the cut pipe 11,270 mm, and the material list 11.3 m. Procurement had ordered the 6" pipe for this iso as two 6 m lengths.

Revision B to revision C: MTO delta, stock already ordered, and spool impact (invented)
ItemRev BRev CDeltaAlready orderedStatus
A1-PIP-06, pipe 6" Sch 4010.8 m11.3 m+0.5 m2 lengths of 6 m (12.0 m)Covered: nests in the same two lengths
Every other counted itemAs rev BAs rev B0No change
Spool S3Rev BRev CP5 882 to 1,382 mmFabricated? check with the shopHeld: methods
Revision B to revision C: MTO delta, stock already ordered, and spool impact (invented)

The delta of +0.5 m does not mean a new purchase: the cut lengths still nest in the two lengths ordered (2,771 + 2,771 = 5,542 mm in one, 1,182 + 1,682 + 1,482 + 1,382 = 5,728 mm in the other, saw cuts and end preparation ignored). Only spool S3 changes; S1 and S2 can be fabricated as issued. Paint surface follows the length, from 5.69 m² to 5.96 m² for the 6" pipe. Whether S3 is already in the shop is the one question for a person.

Comparing the drawings themselves, sheet by sheet, is a separate step covered in the guide to drawing revision comparison.

Traceability and engineer control

Every quantity in the MTO should lead back to the isometric, the revision and the material list line it came from, and every spool BOM line to the same. When a buyer asks why 11.3 m of 6" pipe is on a requisition, the answer is a list of sheets, not a spreadsheet formula. Record, for each MTO line:

  • Each contributing iso, its revision and the material list part number
  • The quantity from each, and any rule applied (scope split, spec break, continuation)
  • Allowances, kept apart, with their rule
  • Flags raised and who closed them, with the decision
  • The MTO revision it belongs to, and the delta against the previous one

The engineer's role changes from counting to deciding. What should always reach a person: spec breaks and joints at continuations, conflicts between the iso, the line list and the class, items supplied by other packages, spool breaks, allowances, and the sign-off of each MTO revision before it is issued to procurement.

Preparing a pilot

Whether the takeoff is done by a new team, a new tool or a service, test it on drawings you have already taken off, against an answer you trust. The guide to running a document automation pilot covers the general method; for piping:

  1. Choose a closed project whose MTO was checked and used for purchasing: that MTO is the reference.
  2. Pick a sample of its isometrics that covers each piping class and size range, simple runs and complex ones (branches, reducers, spec breaks, continuations), and at least one poor scan if your drawings include them.
  3. Include at least one revised iso with both revisions, to test the delta.
  4. Write the project rules down first: scope splits, joints at continuations, allowance columns, what counts as a match.
  5. Compare line by line and classify each difference: takeoff error, error in the reference, or an ambiguity in the drawing.
Measures for a piping takeoff pilot, defined before it starts
MeasureDefinitionWhy
Line agreementMTO lines matching the reference on item code, size and quantity, divided by reference lines; missing and extra lines reported apartAgree first whether a 0.1 m difference on pipe counts as a match
Quantity difference by commodityPipe metres, fitting and flange counts, gaskets and bolt sets, valves, welds, each against the referenceShows which commodity drifts, not just how many lines
Flags that were rightFlags an engineer confirmed as real issues, divided by all flags raisedToo many false flags cost the time the takeoff saved
Engineer timeTime to review and sign off an iso, against the time the team spends taking it off todayMeasured on the same isos, by the same people
Measures for a piping takeoff pilot, defined before it starts

Where Mirage fits

Mirage built an engineering takeoff platform for John Cockerill, whose estimating and method teams in Morocco read piping, boilermaking and structural steel drawings for every quote. According to the case study, the piping (ISO) takeoff module is in production and used directly by the estimating team. It reads the isometrics and separates two outputs from the same drawing: MTO quantities for purchasing and costing (bar stock, elbows, flanges, weight, paint surface area) and a BOM for the method and fabrication teams, drawing by drawing, with shop welds and field welds apart. Each output is traceable to the drawing it came from, and John Cockerill's engineers validate the quantities instead of measuring them.

The case study's figures describe that deployment only: 80 to 90 percent less time on piping takeoff, which used to take 3 to 4 days per project, and a fabrication bill of materials about ten times faster, where the method team used to rebuild a 3D model first, a step that could take up to a month. The boilermaking and structural steel modules are built on the same engine and are listed as rolling out next, as is extending MTO and BOM automation to further drawing types; they are not described as in production.

For the Mirage workflow itself, what it reads and returns, see piping takeoff software for isometrics and P&IDs; for the contractors it is built for, the page on MTO and bills of materials for EPC and MEP contractors.

Questions readers ask

Sources and scope

Checked on . Scope: the standards are cited for their published scope only, from the standards bodies' own catalogue pages; no clause, table value or examination requirement is quoted from them. The method, tables and examples are Mirage's own, with invented figures; the John Cockerill facts are quoted from its case study.

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Send a sample of isometrics with the line list, the piping class and the MTO your team produced. We return the MTO and the spool BOM from the drawings, every line traced to its sheet and revision, with the differences against yours explained one by one.

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